In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko identified the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is principally a result of the deficiency of oxygen in Nb2O5, employed being a Uncooked content Original melt (Czochralski system) [186]. Appropriately, according to its manufacturing technological innovation, niobium pentoxide can adopt an array of compo… Read More